agriculture and types of farming
agriculture refer to the process of preparing the man for the cultivation of crops and to the rearing of a livestock agriculture also called farming is a one of the oldest occupation known to human. it is the primary activity nearly 50% of the people of the world are engaged in farm agriculture. in India 2/3 of the people depend on agriculture directly or indirectly for their livelihood.
factor influence the agriculture
agriculture development depends on different factors such as soil,climate, irrigation,size of land holding and techniques and methods of farming.
climate: climate controls the pattern
of agriculture Around The World. the temperature and the amount of rainfall
place gets are important determining factors. for certain crop need hot
and wet climate to grow like rice, while some of grow in dryer cooler climate
like wheat.
soil: the kind of soil found in a place affect the kind of a crop grow
there . clayey soils retain water, which is suitable for a crop like rice and
cotton. fertile Alluvial soil is ideal for agriculture and supports most of a
kind of Crops. riverbank which have deposit of Alluvial soil therefore are the
most heavily cultivated area Around The World. sandy soil which allow water to seep through rapidly are more suited to grow crop like groundnut and jowar and soya beans.
relief: flat land like plains,valley, the flat top of the plateau And The Delta are better suited for farming than mountain . the hilly areas are more situated for cattle rearing and for crop which needed well drained soil like tea and coffee.
other factor: other factor like availability of irrigation facilities, size of land holding, transport facility, nearest of market, availability of loan
etc., also influence the nature of agriculture practiced in area.
farm system
agriculture is a productive system by
itself. what are the input for agricultural
development? what are the output? there are several important activities
which farmer has to do to harvest a good crop. he has to plough the field, sow the Seeds,irrigate the
land, apply for fertilizers,guard the crop from pest,weed out unwanted plants, harvest, store, and then
transport the crops to the market for selling.
types of farming
the type of
farming practice in a particular place is influence as you have seen by various
factors. the different kind of farming practice around the world can be
broadly group as follows:
Nomadic farming
Nomadic farming refer to the practice of farming in which herdmen move from one place to another, with their families and their livestock, in search of pastures,fodder and water. camels, sheeps and goats are the
animals that are most commonly reared by nomads. the animal provide Milk, meat,wool,hides and other animal products.
Nomadic herding is practised in the area and the
semi-arid region of the Sahara, Central Asia and some part of the India like
Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir.
shifting cultivation
In shifting cultivation a small
area of a forest is cleared by cutting down all the trees and the area is Burned. the Ashes are mixed with the soil to make it more fertile and this land is used
for growing crops. shifting cultivation is practised mainly in the thick forest of
North-East India, South-East Asia, and the Amazon basin. shifting agriculture is
known different in different places- jhumming in the north-eastern state of India, roca in Brazil in South Africa, milpa in the Mexico and the Central America.
subsistence farming
subsistence farming is carried out by a farmer to satisfy the need
of his family alone. there is nothing left over for sale. they use primitive method and archaic technology in the field and do not use hired labour . only the number
of the farmer's household work on the field.
subsistence farming and
classified into
(a) intensive subsistence agriculture
(b) primitive subsistence agriculture
intensive subsistence agriculture is the type of farming where farmers cultivate
small lot of a land using a simple tools and large amount of a labour. they practices intensive method of a cultivation, like using manure and artificial irrigation and
better quality seed to get maximum yield from the land it is usually possible
to grow more than one crop in the same plot.
intensive subsistence
agriculture is practiced in the densely populated region of monsoon asia, South
Asia, east asia. rice is the chief crops grow here. wheat, Maize ,pulses and oil seeds are some other crops grown here.
in primitive subsistence agriculture farmer also
practiced herding to meet a person needs. it enable a farmer get an additional
income to needs.
commercial farming
In commercial farming
the farmers cultivate crops and rears animals for commercial purpose, for selling. the main motive of the farmer here is making profit. most of the work is done by
the machine and the area under cultivation and as well as capital involved, are huge. commercial farming include commercial grain farming, plantation and mixed
farming.
crop like wheat and Maize grown on a large scale under commercial grain
farming or extensive farming. important regions where commercial grain farming is
prevalent are the temperate grassland of North America, Mexico, Europe and eurasia. these
farm are huge,spread over hundred of hectares and are thinly populated. massive machine like seed drillers, combine harvester and the Threshers are used. however due to
the severity of winter only one crop can be harvested during summers.
plantation
agriculture was introduced by the European in their colonies situated in
the tropical regions. under this type of cultivation, vast lands are brought under a
single crop. large amount of capital, cheap but skilled labour, scientific
techniques, efficient transport Network, and the managerial and marketing skill
are employed.
the farm produce is either process that in their factories or sold
as a raw material to the other industry. some of the farm produce is
exported too.
major plantation found in the tropical regions are rubber plantation
in a West Malaysia, coffee in brazil, and tea in India and Sri Lanka.
mixed farming refers to the cultivation of a food crop, fodder crop and the rearing of
livestock at the same time on the same land. the combination of different in
primary activities here is complementary to each other and add to the farmer's profitability.
it is practiced in Europe, Eastern USA, Argentina, south-east
Australia, New Zealand, West Africa and South Africa.
sheep |
ranching refers to raising
livestock for meat or wool on privately owned land, along with the use of some
public land. the practice is common in Australia, Western USA and Tibet. in India ranching is a prevalent to some extent in the hilly region that are rich in pastures.
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